Cartographic projections article about cartographic. There is a list with about 80 email addresses of members and other interested people. Cartography and gis understanding the way maps are encoded to be used in gis requires knowledge of cartography cartography is the science that deals with the construction, use, and principles behind maps and mapping a map is a depiction of all or part of the earth or other geographic phenomenon as a set of symbols and. Some projections treat the earth only as a sphere, others as either ellipsoid or sphere. The ability to import data of different cartographic projections and to use these data to solve problems. Anderson a member of the international cartographic associations commission on map projections. Cylindrical projections resemble classic rectangular world maps. These boundary files are specifically designed for small scale thematic mapping. Some projections are suited for mapping large areas that are mainly northsouth in extent, others for large areas that are mainly eastwest in extent, and still others for large areas that are oblique to the equator. Cartographic boundary shapefiles block groups the cartographic boundary files are simplified representations of selected geographic areas from the census bureaus maftiger geographic database. A tutorial description of the general usage of the cartographic projection program proj release 3 along with speci c cartographic parameters and illustrations of the ap proximately 70 cartographic projections supported by the program is presented.
Projection basics for gis professionalshelp documentation. Introduction an interest in map projections a cartographic projection is a transformation also called mapping from a. Map the map is a basic cartographic work and together with the globe represents the world around us. This is the longitude grid for southern california. Cartographic projection definition of cartographic. A crash course to coordinate systems, map projections and. World map projections, stephen wolfram based on work by yusung chang wolfram demonstrations project.
The cartographic parameters used with proj are described in the user manual and are. It can be envisioned by imagining wrapping a flat piece of paper around the sphere tangent to the equator, and projecting a light out from the center of the sphere. Cartographic projection procedures for the unix environment a. The program is designed as a standard unix lter utility to be employed with other pro grams in the generation of maps and charts and, in many. The main goal of the paper is devising of an objective procedure serving for assessment of cartographic projections. Every projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. View all the available mapping files from the geography program. Map makers attempt to transfer the eartha round, spherical globeto flat paper. Handbook on geographic information systems and digital. The cartographic boundary files are available in shapefile and kml format. This report on cartographic generalization addresses the need for the national ocean service nos to select a technical and operational solution to the problem of cartographic generalization within the scope of the automated nautical charting system 11. The miller cylindrical projection is similar to the mercator projection except that the polar regions are not as areally distorted.
Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages 19 present some widely used examples. Cartographic software free download cartographic top 4 download offers free software downloads for windows, mac, ios and android computers and mobile devices. Introduction to map design introduction this document is intended to help people without formal training in map design learn to produce maps for publication or electronic display using arcview, a desktop geographic information system gis. Projection reference table of examples and properties of all common projections.
This means that cartography is the whole process of mapping. Cartographic software free download cartographic top 4. Maps the cartographic projections cartography cartography is a science studying possibilities how to display globular shape of the earth to the flat drawing area. Working with projections qgis documentation documentation. Geography is central to the work of the census bureau, providing the framework for survey design, sample selection, data collection, tabulation, and dissemination. Evenden 1st january 2003 abstract a tutorial description of the general usage of the cartographic projection program proj release 3 along with speci.
The paired comparison test of nine commonly used map projections reveals that the mapreaders in our study prefer the robinson and plate carree projections, followed by the winkel tripel, eckert iv, and mollweide projections. An album of map projections should enable read ers to sharpen and in some cases to correct their knowledge of the distances, directions, and relative areas of the world. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems. Commonly, these standard projections are identified through use of an authority. Ica commission on map projections report 20112015 the comp has 18 regular members who have discussed the activities of the commission during meetings and by emails between meetings.
The custom coordinate reference system definition dialog requires only two parameters to define a user crs. For statebased and national congressional district cartographic boundary files for. A tutorial description of the general usage of the cartographic projection program proj release 3 along with speci. Cartographic projection procedures for the unix environment a users manual by gerald i. The mapmaker must select the one best suited to the. Cartographic projection procedures for the unix environmenta users manual gerald i. Gis mapping files contain geographical information, which are spatial data encoded into a file format. Cartographic projection procedures for the unix environmenta. This is the projection most commonly used for printed panoramas with a large range of longitude 120 degrees. Cartography definition, types and elements the international cartographic association defines cartography as the discipline dealing with the conception, production, dissemination and study of maps. Map projections a map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface. Cartographic projections the cartographic projections are methods of displaying the earth.
All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. Cartographic projection article about cartographic. Application of evaluation criteria to cartographic projections 12 2 cartographic projections cartographic projections can be defined as a mathematical transformation of a surface of an ellipsoid defined by its semimajor axis a and eccentricity e or a sphere defined by its radius r onto a plane 4. Despite the convergence of cartography and gis and digital mapping, maprelated vocabulary reflects the past separation. This chapter is concerned less with the computational options available to. Although there has been no dearth of valuable books describing a wide range of map projec tions, an album of map projections is the. The scale of a map on any projection is always important and often crucial to the maps usefulness for a given purpose. The cartographic parameters used with proj are described in the user manual and are the same as those used by qgis. Projection, in cartography, systematic representation on a flat surface of features of a curved surface, as that of the earth. The map must be drawn on both sides of the paper, inverting the image. Gis and forest engineering applications 2 the ability to communicate with others in writing and orally regarding gis applications.
The use and selection of cartographic projections depend primarily on the purpose and scale of the map, which determine the nature of permissible distortions in the cartographic projection chosen. We use partnership shapefiles in our partner programs to share data with and capture data from our partners. A shapefile is a geospatial data format for use in geographic information system gis software. Cartographic projection encyclopedia of mathematics. The mercator and wagner vii projections come in sixth and seventh place, and the least preferred are two interrupted. Pdf map projections in planetary cartography researchgate.
Cartographic projections are made on a definite scale. A mailing list is available for users and developers of proj. Proj cartographic projections and coordinate transformations library osgeo proj. Their purpose is to provide a common basis for communication about a particular place or area on the earths surface. Projections which helped making a smaller world some unusual applications of map projections in construction conclusion summary and table of depicted projections resources and links to select fullcolor or dithered maps. By reducing the ideal terrestrial ellipsoid times, one obtains a geometric model of it, a globe, the mapping of which, in natural size, onto the plane gives a map of the surface of this ellipsoid. Sadly, they are somewhat larger than the originals. Anderson a member of the international cartographic associations commission on map projections a member of the international cartographic associations commission on map projections. From projections to data management to spatial analysis, we have up to now focused on the more technical points of a geographic information system gis. A gis is a system for the display, analysis, storage and retrieval of information about places on the earth.
A projected coordinate systems pdf file which contains lists of supported pcs. Distortion accurs in that process and it is a basic feature of geographic maps cartographic projections according to the distortion. Optimization of geographic map projections for canadian. Handbook on geographic information systems and digital mapping. Evenden abstract a tutorial description of the general usage of the cartographic projection program proj release 3 along with specific cartographic parameters and illustrations of the approxi. In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globes surface into a plane in order to make a map. Cartographic projection synonyms, cartographic projection pronunciation, cartographic projection translation, english dictionary definition of cartographic projection.
Cartographic projections are drawn in a specified scale. The horizontal field of view is anything up to 360 degrees, horizontal distance is proportional to pan or yaw angle, vertical distance is related to the angle above or below the horizon. Theory of map projections is a branch of cartography studying the ways of projecting the curved surface of the earth and other heavenly bodies into the plane. Introduction the national report on the cartographic activities in poland from 20152018, addressed to the delegates of the 18th general assembly of the international cartographic association in tokyo, japan, is the twelfth such a report that has been prepared by the polish cartographers. The projections list page on the geotiff site includes information on how to describe many common projections with proj. Cartographic projection procedures for the unix environment. The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level.
The ratio represents the representative fraction called the principal scale of the map. Pdf reference surfaces, coordinate systems and projections are the. Geography provides meaning and context to statistical data. Coordinate systems, also known as map projections, are arbitrary designations for spatial data. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Cartographic projections representations of the entire surface of the earths ellipsoid or some part of it on a plane. There are often constraints on the size and format of the available space for a. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems. As map makers collect data from the environment through technology andor remote sensing, they use their perception to detect patterns and subsequently prepare the data for map creation i. Only a globe can represent accurately the shape, orientation, and relative area of the earths surface features.
Cartographic definition of cartographic by the free dictionary. Familiarity with advanced gis operations and the ability to use these techniques. Optimization results of modified equiareal projections 8. The cartographic process is a cycle that begins with a real or imagined environment. A geographic transformations pdf file which contains lists of supported geographic and vertical transformations.
The effects of gis and digital mapping on cartographic vocabulary. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the. Equalarea and equidistant projections appear in the national atlas. A map is a projection of data usually from the real earth, celestial body. A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface. More info on the contents of the proj data package can be found at the proj data github repository. The effects of gis and digital mapping on cartographic. By hypothetically reducing the earths ellipsoid by a factor of m for example, 10, 000, 000we obtain a geometric. Cartographic generalization national geodetic survey.
Winkel ihelp arcgis for desktop arcgis desktop arcgis online. Gis mapping files contain geographical information, which are spatial data encoded into a file format examples include. Optimization of geographic map projections for canadian territory. This requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane. Geomashup codecamp 2011 university of helsinki department of computer science a crash course to coordinate systems, map projections and data formats. The program is designed as a standard unix filter utility to be employed with other programs in the. Application of evaluation criteria to cartographic projections.